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Who Is Responsible For Increased Opioid Crisis In America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 805 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2018/12/15 Category Addiction Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Consumer Rights Essay Drugs Essay Pharmacy Essay Did you like this example? Opioid epidermis or crises is defined as rapid increase of using opioid drugs. The opioid drugs can be prescript or not. Those responsible with prescribing usage of these painkillers are pharmaceutical man and woman. As a result of increased use and addiction of these opioid drugs, have raised questions on who should be responsible for its crisis. Many think that pharmacists are the one to be blamed and others argue that the blame lies to the consumers. As a result of abuse of painkillers most consumers have not been following doctors prescriptions on drug usage resulting to death of individuals. Concurrent use of painkillers has resulted to addiction in a manner that patients cannot do without them. Opioid abuse is rampant in most states where paramedics are spending a lot of time addressing overdose cases and increased cases of death resulting from the same. In a survey conducted in 2012 disclosed that pharmaceuticals were able to supply prescribe opioid drugs to every m an, woman and children with at least sixty eight pills each. Twenty percent of the total state population was discovered opioid prescribed. This increased overdose deaths among the citizens. The thesis here is who is responsible for this crises? Attorney generals, advocates lawyers and judges have tried to find out through the courts whether pharmaceuticals can be legally held accountable and pay back for the crises. Although there have been good precedent, especially a suit that was filed by state against tobacco industry in 1998 which compelled the industry to take charge for all treatments relating to smoking diseases. The industry was also forced to fund all ad campaign against use of tobacco substances and public health facilities. Similarly attorney general of Ohios state and many other civilians have filed cases against all pharmacies. (Sam Quinones, 21). According to G. Jean Kinney, they allege that these pharmaceutical companies has been spending millions of cash in adve rtising and marketing these opioid drugs showing that they had no adverse effect to the consumer by exaggerating their benefits. They were also alleged of colluding with doctors to affect the influence their opinion of safety of opioid drugs. There were also similar case from four counties of new yoke alleging the distributors and pharmacists in a tribunal court of opioid epidermis. Actually it is very clear that more legal minds are now focusing on how to make these huge bills true before the court. Although there are some significant evidence that pharmaceuticals have contributed knowingly to these crises. Investigation done on drug maker who advertised for oxycontin consumption showed that it could not relieve pain for the said twelve hours time as marketed. This resulted to consumers withdrawing and then caused addiction. Situations for these case differed completely from the one on tobacco. (Mohammad Akikur, p12), states that it was found that it was very difficult to claim that pharmaceuticals were responsible for the opioid crises as alleged. Individual plaintiffs who have sues these companies have not succeeded completely. Law courts have argued that those affected are largely responsible for their addictions. Court continued to point out that death resulting from overdose are caused by disobedience of consumer to doctors prescriptions. The court also added that most of the pills causing deaths are obtained by consumers directly from black market. Consumers have also been disregarding doctors prescription leading to overdose or under dose resulting to opioid crises. It was very clear that tobacco lawsuit was successful because sickness or illness resulted due to wrong instructions from tobacco companies to their immediate consumers but with opioid crises is totally different in that consumers are not taking pills as directed and so it was totally difficult to blame all pharmaceutical companies for that alleged misuse. It was also pointed out that th e aggressive marketing undertaken by pharmaceutical companies was targeting doctors but not the customer. This made it hard to link deaths of consumers to marketing that did not target them. All the companies involved cited that they do all what they can to deter consumers from misusing these pills. They also criticized patients for using these painkillers to control chronic pain. They also argued that opioid crises could be dealt with through a collaborative way. (Johann Hari P.12). There are also many parties who are responsible for opioid epidermis it was noted. Distributor and customers could play a critical role in ensuring that opioid crises are regulated and minimized. The best way to deal with this opioid crises can be control effectively by the state through adopting monitoring doctors prescriptions of opioid drugs and preventing shopping of unprescripted drugs. The state should also use constitutional mandate to legislate laws which will hold culprits responsible for misuse of opioid drugs. It has fully come out that although pharmaceuticals plays crucial roles in opioid crises, they cant not be blamed for the crises. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Who Is Responsible For Increased Opioid Crisis In America?" essay for you Create order

Cheating with Technology

Educators are showing serious concern about cheating in high schools and for good reason. Cheating has become commonplace in high schools, largely because students are using technology to gather and share information in rather innovation ways. Since students are a little more tech-savvy than many adults, grownups are always playing catch-up when it comes to finding out what students are up to. But this technology-centered cat-and-mouse activity can be fatal to your educational future. Students start to blur the ethical boundaries and think it’s OK to do many things, simply because they’ve gotten away with them in the past. There’s a big catch to blurring the line when it comes to cheating. While parents and high school teachers might be less savvy than their students about using cell phones and calculators to share work, and too overworked to catch cheaters, college professors are a little different. They have graduate assistants, college honor courts, and cheat-detecting software that they can tap into. The bottom line is that students can develop habits in high school that will get them expelled when they use them in college, and sometimes students won’t even realize their â€Å"habits† are illegal. Unintentional Cheating Since students use tools and techniques that have not been used before, they might not always know what really constitutes cheating. For your information, the following activities constitute cheating. Some of these can even get you kicked out of college. Buying a paper from an Internet siteSharing homework answers via IMs, email, text messaging, or any other deviceUsing a whiteboard to share answersHaving another student write a paper for youCutting and pasting text from the Internet without citing itUsing sample essays from the InternetUsing text messaging to tell somebody else an answerProgramming notes into your calculatorTaking and/or sending a cell phone picture of test material or notesVideo recording lectures with cell phones and replaying during testSurfing web for answers during a testUsing a pager to receive information during a testViewing notes on your PDA, electronic calendar, cell phone, or other devices during a testStoring definitions in a graphing calculator or cell phoneBreaking into the teacher’s computer filesUsing a watch to hold notesUsing a laser pen to â€Å"write† and send answers If you’ve been transmitting answers to homework or test questions, there’s a pretty good chance you’ve been cheating—even though it might have been unintentional. Unfortunately, there’s an old saying that states â€Å"ignorance of the law is no excuse,† and when it comes to cheating, that old saying holds up. If you cheat, even by accident, you’re risking your academic career.

George Washington, John Adams, And Thomas Jefferson

George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson. Not only is this a list of US Presidents but it is also a list of three of the most well-known Founding Fathers. Yes, they have their reasons to be because each one of them have numerous achievements and have accomplished many things that others have not. But one Founding Father often over looked, and not just because he stands five feet four inches tall, is James Madison. With all due respect, James Madison has accomplishments that stand just as well against the test of time. James Madison to me is one of the most important Founding Fathers. Please allow me to explain why I chose Mr. James Madison, the background and upbringing of him, some of his most notable contributions to the Unites States and why those contributions are still important today. The reason I chose James Madison over the rest of the Founding Fathers is because I believe he isn’t as well-known as he should be and with that being said, would like to inform you about him. Madison has accomplished many great things in his life that have had an effect on the United States as we know it today. Undoubtedly the biggest contribution that Madison made to the United States of America was the he was the author of the draft that was used to create the Constitution and without the constitution there really wouldn’t be a frame of government. Another reason I chose James Madison is because he fought for religious freedom, believing it was an individual’s right fromShow MoreRelatedThe United States Of The Declaration Of Independence1486 Words   |  6 Pagesstrong and independent men who were interested in the future of the country and its ability to stand on its own. 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John Adams which was theRead MoreThe First Five Presidents Of The United States Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagestheir names were George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. The president I think that impacted the U.S the most was George Washington who was in office for eight years (1789-1797). George Washington who was the commander in chief and led the army in the Revolutionary War and gained freedom from Great Britain at that time there was thirteen colonies in the United States. In 1783 George Washington signed a peace treaty with Great Britain. John Adams which was theRead MoreThe Bloodless Revolution Of 18001666 Words   |  7 Pagesyears before 1800 to the Neutrality Proclamation, the John Jay Treaty, X Y Z Affair, and the Quasi War. George Washington, in his second term of office, issued the Neutrality Proclamation in an attempt to ease the tension and conflict with Britain caused by The French Revolution. Thomas Jefferson, being so disgusted with Washington s policies, resigned his secretarial position in May of 1793, when the proclamation was announced. Despite Washington s attempt to fix the conflict, British ships continuedRead MoreAnalyze the contributions of Washing and Jefferson in helping establish a stable government after the adoption of the Constitution.1448 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1789 George Washington was elected as the First President of the United States of America under the Constitution. In the following years after George Washingtons administration was John Adams and succeeding him was the Third President of the United States Thomas Jefferson. George Washington and Thomas Jeffersons administrations contributed to establishing a stable government after the adoption of the Constitution. They str engthened the national government by passing important legislature, peacefulRead MoreCal Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pagesessential key in clients table and an outside key in the requests table: customer_id first_name last_name email address city state zipcode 1 George Washington gwashington@usa.gov 3200 Mt Vernon Hwy Mount Vernon VA 22121 2 John Adams jadams@usa.gov 1250 Hancock St Quincy MA 02169 3 Thomas Jefferson tjefferson@usa.gov 931 Thomas Jefferson Pkwy Charlottesville VA 22902 4 James Madison jmadison@usa.gov 11350 Constitution Hwy Orange VA 22960 5 James Monroe jmonroe@usa.gov 2050 James MonroeRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The Second President Of The United States Of America1656 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Jefferson, writer of the Declaration of Independence and the third president of the United States of America, was born on April 13, 1743. The future president was born to the parents of Peter Jefferson, a well-known and successful planter, and Jane Randolph, a prominent member of a very well-known and distinguished Virginian family. Jefferson was the third of ten children who were raised on the Shadwell slave plantation in Virginia. Starting from the early age of nine, Thomas Jefferson beganRead MoreAbigail Adams And The American War880 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican, such as Abigail Adams, were doing their best at home to survive. Women like Abigail needed to perform tasks that were normally done by their husband, such as farming. Abigail was left to protect her land and stand up for themselves from passin g armies on both sides. The war was not only being fought on the battlefield, but also at the men’s homes. 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Nestle Free Essays

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION Nestle was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestle and is today the world’s biggest food and beverage company. Sales at the end of  2005 were CHF 91 bn, with a net profit of CHF 8 bn. Nestle employ around 250,000 people from more than 70 countries and have factories or operations in almost every country in  the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Nestle or any similar topic only for you Order Now The history of Nestle began in Switzerland in 1867 when Henri Nestle, the pharmacist, launched his product Farine  Lactee Nestle, a nutritious gruel for children. Henri used  his surname, which means ’little nest’, in both the company name and the logotype. The nest, which symbolizes security, family and nourishment, still plays a central role in Nestle’s  profile. Since it began over  130 years ago, Nestle’s success with product innovations and  business acquisitions has turned it into the largest Food Company in the world. As the years have passed, the Nestle family has grown  to include chocolates, soups, coffee, cereals, frozen products, yoghurts, mineral water and other food products. Beginning in the 70s, Nestle has continued to expand its product portfolio to include pet foods,  pharmaceutical products and cosmetics too. Today, Nestle markets a great number of products, all with one thing in  common: the high quality for which Nestle has become  renowned throughout the world. The Company’s strategy is guided by several fundamental principles. Nestle’s existing  products grow through innovation and renovation while maintaining a balance in geographic activities and product lines. Long-term potential is never sacrificed for short-term performance. The Company’s priority is to bring the best and most relevant productsto people, wherever they are,  whatever their needs, throughout their lives. Taste of Nestle in each of the countries where Nestle sell products. Nestle is based on  the  principle of decentralization, which means each country is responsible for the efficient running of its business – including the recruitment of its staff. That’s not to say that every operating company can do as it wishes. Headquarters in Vevey sets the overall strategy and ensures that it  is carried out. It’s an approach that is  best summed up as: ‘centralize what you  must, decentralize what you can’. Nestle is a company which is present  in all over the world but It has difference and unique motto to deal n  all over the world. Nestle believes that they should think about their organizations globally but they deal with people  by interacting with them locally MEANING OF NESTLE: †¢ Henri Nestle endowed his company with the symbol derived from his name. His family coat of arms, the nest with a mother bird protecting her young, became the Company’s logo and a symbol of the company’s care and attitude to life-long nutrition. The Nestle nest represents the nourishment, security and sense of family that are so essential to life. CHAPTER-2 HISTORY 1866 -1905 In the 1860s Henri Nestle, a pharmacist, developed a food for babies who were unable to breastfeed. His first success was a premature infant who could not tolerate his mother’s milk or any of the usual substitutes. People quickly recognized the value of the new product, after Nestle’s new formula saved the child’s life, and soon, Farine Lactee HenriNestle was being sold in much of Europe. 1905-1918 †¢ In 1905 Nestle merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. By the early 1900s, the company was operating factories in the United States, Britain, Germany and Spain. World War I created new demand for dairy products in the form of government contracts. By the end of the war, Nestle’s production had more than doubled. 1918 -1938 †¢ After the war Government contracts dried up and consumers switched back to fresh milk. However, Nestle’s management responded quickly, streamlining operations and reducing debt. The 1920s saw Nestle’s first expansion into new products, with chocolate the Company’s second most important activity 1938 -1944 †¢ Nestle felt the effects of World War II immediately. Profits dropped from $20 million in  1938 to $6 million in 1939. Factories were established in developing countries, particularly Latin America. Ironically, the war helped with the introduction of the Company’s newest product, Nescafe, which was a staple drink of the US military. Nestle’s production and sales rose in the wartime economy. 1944 -1975 †¢   The end of World War II was the beginning of a dynamic phase for Nestle. Growth accelerated and companies were acquired. In 1947 came the merger with Magi seasonings and soups. Crosse Blackwell followed in 1950, as did Findus (1963), Libby’s (1971) and Stouffer’s (1973). Diversification came with a shareholding in L’Oreal in 1974. 1975 -1981 †¢ Nestle’s growth in the developing world partially offset a slowdown in the Company’s traditional markets. Nestle made its second venture outside the food industry by acquiring Alcon Laboratories Inc†¦ 1981 -1996 †¢ Nestle divested a number of businesses1980 / 1984. In 1984,Nestle’s improved bottom line allowed the Company to launch a new round of acquisitions, the most important being American food giant Carnation. 996+ †¢ The first half of the 1990s proved to be favorable for Nestle: trade barriers crumbled and world markets developed into more or less integrated trading areas. Since 1996 there have been acquisitions including San Pellegrino (1997), Spillers Pet foods (1998) and Ralston Purina (2002). There were two major acquisitions in North America, b oth in 2002: in July, Nestle merged its U. S. ice cream business into Dreyer’s, and in August, a USD 2. 6bn acquisition was announced of Chef  America, Inc. CHAPTER- 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Relevance of the Study This research is  been conducted to survey the  product performance  and buying behavior  of consumer in selection of chocolates. relevance of the  study is to  survey the product performance and buying behavior of  two famous brands of chocolates –  Nestle and Cadbury, which are consumed by people of  all ages. During this research I have interacted with people of Junagadh City. This research is to know which particular brand of chocolate is most preferred by people of  different age groups. 3. 2 Research Problem †¢ Every research has their own problem and limitation but good researcher have to overcome that problem by their skill. In this research problem I would like to understand and analyze about the chocolates  products  available  at  Junagadh  and collect  the feedback  from  group  of  people  and I wanted to know the developments made in direction of chocolates industry. 3. 3 Objective of the study This project is based on the comparative study consumer behavior towards Nestle and Cadbury chocolates. Objectives of the study are: †¢ The  other  objective  is  to  know  about  the  customer  satisfaction  level associated with the product and the customer preference level. To increase customer satisfaction and recapture the market share by fulfilling the customer needs. †¢ To study the  factors affecting the consumption pattern. 3. 4 Research Design For any researcher the research methodology is the most important criteria to decide  before the actual research process starts. There are many methods for conducting  the research some of them are asà ‚  under; a) Descriptive vs. Analytical b) Applied vs. Fundamental c) Quantitative vs. Conceptual vs. Empirical e) Field setting or laboratory testing research The design of search is  a plan  or a  model that helps researcher to  conduct a formal investigation . It is an application of methods and procedures for acquiring the information needs for getting a desire out come. It decides the sources of data and methods for gathering data. A good design insures that the information obtained is relevant to the research question and that it was collected by objectives. Since, research design is simply the frame work or plan for a study. It is a blue print that of a house devised by an architect. My approach to research is descriptive and quite specific. Out of these all research methods the research method, which was most suitable to my research, was †¢ descriptive research †¢ because it provides me all the opportunities to cover  the all the aspect that I require to conduct the research and get an appropriate out come. †¢ Descriptive Research: †¢ Descriptive research includes surveys and fact – finding enquires of  different  kinds. The  major  purpose  of  descriptive  research  isdescription of the state of affairs as it exits at present. In social scienceand business research we often use  the term †¢ Ex post facto research  fordescriptive research studies. The main characteristic of this method isthat  the  researcher  has  no  control  over  the variables;  he  can  onlyreport what has happened or what is happening. 5. Scope of the Study: †¢ As learning is a human activity and is as natural, as breathing. Despite of the fact that learning is all per vasive in our lives, psychologists do not agree on how learning takes  place. How individuals learn is a matter of interest to marketers. They want to teachconsumers in their roles as their roles as consumers. They want consumers to learn their products, product attributes, potential consumers benefit, how to use, maintain or  even dispose of the product and new ways of behaving that will satisfy not only theconsumer’s needs, but the  marketer’s objectives. The scope of my study restricts itself to the analysis of consumer preferences, perceptionand consumption of Cadbury and Nestle Chocolates. There are many other brands of  chocolates available but my study is limited to two major players of chocolates leaving  behind the others. The  scope of my  study is also restricts itself to junagadh  region only. There are 2 sources of data i. e. †¢ Primary Data †¢ The data, which are collected for the first time, directly from the respondents to the baseof knowledge belief of the research, are called primary data. The normal procedure is to interview some people individually or in a group to get asense of how people feel about the topic. So far as this research is concerned, primary data is the main source of information  provided by the respondents. †¢ Secondary Data †¢ When the data is collected and compiled in the in a published nature it is calledSecondary data. So far as this research is concerned internet, many brochures and magazines have beenreferred too. a) SAMPLING DESIGN †¢ It is true that it is very difficult to do research with whole universe. As we know that it isnot feasible to go with population survey because of the numerous Doctors and their  scattered location. So for this purpose sample size has to be determined well in advancedand selection of the sample also has to be scientific so that it represents the wholeuniverse. So far as this research is concerned, the sample size is 100. b) INSTRUMENT Taking into consideration research instrument selected by me is questionnaire because itgives more flexibility in terms of data and it has been asked to the responder personallyand have an idea of getting an important unknown data that can be collected through their  Ã‚  behavior. c) MODE OF DATA COLLECTION †¢ Data collection mode is personal visit and filling up  of the questionnaire. †¢ In attempt to make this p roject authentic and reliable, every possible aspect of the topicwas kept in mind. Nevertheless, despite of fact constraints were at play during theformulation of this project. The main limitations are as follows: †¢ Due to limitation of time only few people were selected for the study. So thesample of consumers was not enough  to generalize the findings of the study. †¢ The main source of data for the study was primary data with the help of self-administered questionnaires. Hence, the chances of unbiased information are less. †¢ People were hesitant to disclose the true facts. †¢ The chance of biased response can’t be eliminated though all necessary steps weretaken to avoid the same. †¢ important. 8% says that they are mainly seeing the quality of the product if the productis qualitative than they are ready to pay any price for that product. †¢ Que6. Which form of a chocolate do you like? FORM OF CHOCOLATE 472918601020304050HARD  CRUNCHY  NUTTIES  CHEW Analysis interpretation: Every person have there own taste and preferences towards the eatable product inchocolates there are four varieties available in the mar ket among this 47% of theconsumer like hard chocolates, 29% of the consumer like crunchy chocolates, 18% of theconsumer like nutties chocolates only 6% of  the consumer like Chew chocolates. Que7. What pack do you purchase? 731710020406080 PACK PREFERENCE SMALL  BIG  FAMILY  PACK Analysis Interpretation: The chocolates are available in  the market in different packaging like small, big,   family  pack, from the survey we can say that the consumption of the chocolates are more eaten  by  the  teenage  group  so  they  more  prefer  the  small  packaging  because  of  thereavailability in market is good and most important thing is its very much affordable. According to the survey 73% are using small pack, 17% are using big pack of thechocolates, 10% are consuming family pack because of there high price. So we can easilysee that the consumption of small pack is having boom in the market compare to other  Ã‚  packaging. Que8. Which promotional offers attract you most? PROMOTIONAL OFFERS 12%84%4%FREE  GIFTS  PRICE  OFFER  ANY  OTHER Analysis Interpretation: To sell out the product there are many promotions activity conducted by the company toface the competition the offer give by the company are like free gift, price offer, or anyother scheme. In this 12% are giving the free gift offer (scratch the card scheme), 84% aredirectly giving the price offer, and 4% giving the any other kind of  scheme. Que9. Which of these factors affects your purchase? Analysis Interpretation: There  are  many  factors  affecting  at  the  time  of  purchase. So  company  is  doing  promotional activities to acquire the desired target of the product. Basically there are sixmain  type  of the promotional activities like  69% of  the advertisement, 1%  of the suggestions, 2% of the attractive display, 0%of the doctors advice, 21% of the companiesare using Brand Ambassadors in there advertisement, 7% of the ingredients. So all thisfactors are affecting the purchase. CHAPTER 4 PRODUCT Coffee Nescafe,  Taster’s  Choice,  Ricore,  Ricoffy,  Nespress, Bonka, Zoegas, Loumidis. Nescafe †¢ Nescafe  is a brand of  instant coffee  made by  Nestle. It comes in many different product forms. The name is a portmanteau  of the words â€Å"Nestle† and â€Å"cafe†. [1]  Nestle’s flagship powdered coffee product was introduced in Switzerland  on April 1, 1938[1]  after being developed for seven or eight years by  Max Morgenthaler  and Vernon Chapman. Nescafe, a brand introduced by the Nestle Company, can be traced back to the 1930s. [3]  In the  United States, the Nescafe name was used on its products until the 1960s. Later, Nestle introduced a new brand in the US called â€Å"Taster’s Choice†, which supplanted Nescafe for many years. Taster’s Choice was also introduced into Canada at the same time, and continues to be sold as a separate product, branded as superior to Nescafe, and is higher priced. Taster choice †¢ NESCAFE TASTER’S CHOICE Decaf House Blend is decaffeinated using a process recognized by the industry as safe and designed to be among the best to preserve the fine coffee flavor. The process is approved by the FDA and other agencies around the world. Ricore Ricoffy †¢ Fresh percolated taste. Soluble granules of the finest coffee and chicory. Nespresso †¢ Nespresso  is the brand name of  Nestle Nespresso S. A. , an operating unit of the  Nestle Group  based in  Lausanne,  Switzerland. Nespresso machines brewespresso  from  coffee capsules, a type of pre-apportioned single-use container of ground  coffee  and flavorings. In 1976, Eric Favre, an employee of Nestle, invented, patented and introduced the Nespresso system to the business market in Switzerland without significant success. In 1988, due to the efforts of Jean-Paul Gaillard — a business man, the inventor of  «Le Club » community —,  the product became a market success. In 1990, the firm signed a contract with Turmix, which started to sell Nespresso machines in Switzerland. Thereafter, other contracts were signed with  Krups,  Magimix,  Alessi,  Philips, Siemens and De’Longhi. Bonka Taste Natural – decaffeinated coffee beans Zoega |Coffee is the national drink of Sweden. Consuming more than 20 lbs. of coffee per person, per year, Swedes | |know great coffee and demand the best. Since 1886, four generations of Zoega  coffee makers have been | |perfecting the art of coffee blending and roasting, making the Zoega name a hallmark. | | Loumidis †¢ This is the decaffeinated version of the popular Papagalos – Loumidis Coffee. Makes great traditional Greek Coffee without the caffeine! Every cup of Greek Coffee contains 150mg of antioxidants which operate as a protection shield of your cells. Vacuum packed to retain its flavor and aroma for a long time. Packaging may vary. Water Nestle Pure Life, Nestle Aquarelle, Perrier , Vittel, Contrex, S. Pellegrino, Acqua  Panna, Levissima,  Arrowhead, Nestle Pure Life Pure Life  was launched in 1998 to help meet the global need for a safe drinking water with a pleasant taste at an affordable price. Now present in more than 20 countries,  Pure Life  is the world’s most popular bottled water brand. Nestle Aquarelle †¢ Present in 11 countries in Europe, this natural spring water offers fresh and light taste to the whole family Type: still or sparkling natural* springwater. Distribution channel: retail, out of home, home office delivery Perrier, Vittel †¢ Perrier  mineral water is the ultimate refreshment and sensorial stimulation for intense pleasure moments. The spring from which  Perrier  water is sourced has a unique balance of minerals and light effervescence – providing a distinctively fresh, clean taste. It is this blend of bubbles and minerals which have made the  Perrier  brand the world leader of sparkling mineral water. Vittel †¢ Vittel  is a  French  brand of  bottled water  sold in many countries. Since 1992 it has been owned by  Nestle. †¢ Mineral water from the source at  Vittel  has been bottled and made available for curative and, increasingly, for commercial purposes since 1854[1]. †¢ Vittel is the water provider for the  London Marathon  for the tenth consecutive year in 2008. S. Pellegrino †¢ San Pellegrino  (also  S. Pellegrino) is an  Italian  brand  of  mineral water  with naturally occurring  carbonation  and additional carbonation added by the bottler, produced and  bottled  by  Nestle  at  San Pellegrino Terme, in theProvince of Bergamo,  Lombardy,  Italy. The water contains  carbon dioxide  and at least the following  chemical elements  in amounts of 100 or more  micrograms  per liter:  calcium,  chloride,  fluorine,  lithium,  magnesium,nitrogen,  potassium,  silicon,  sodium, and  strontium. The strontium is naturally occurring, not the  radioactivestrontium-90. In popular culture, San Pellegrino is portrayed as a luxury and expensive bottled water. Owned byNestle  since 1997, San Pellegrino is exported to most countries in  Europe, the  Americas, the  Middle East, andAustralasia, as well as to  Japan,  Taiwan, and  Hong Kong. Contrex †¢ Recognised as the ideal water for the weight conscious since 1954, Contrex is enjoyed in over 35 countries around the world. Type: still natural mineral water,plain or flavoured Distribution channel: Acqua  Panna †¢ Originating from the hills of Tuscany, Acqua Panna partners S. Pellegrino in top restaurants around the world. Type: still natural mineral water Levissima †¢ It’s the â€Å"green† brand for excellence in Italy! Levissima is a national role model in environmental sustainability in Italy, with the launch of its 1-litre bottle partly made of recycled PET and recycling message on all its bottles’ labels! Arrowhead †¢ Arrowhead Water, also known as  Arrowhead Mountain Spring Water, is a brand of  drinking water  that is popular in the  western  United States, particularly in  Arizona,  the Northwest, and in  California, where it is sometimes produced. Other beverages Nestea, Nesquik Nestea Nestea  is a brand of  iced tea  manufactured by  Nestle  and distributed by  Nestle  company’s beverage  department in the  United States  and by  Beverage Partners Worldwide  (BPW),[1]  a joint venture between  The Coca-Cola Company  and Nestle, in the rest of the world. It competes with  Unilever/PepsiCo’s  Lipton I ced Tea. It provides a variety of â€Å"tea products†, in regular and diet forms, including liquid and powdered tea concentrates, refrigeratable teas, and ready-to-drink bottles dispensed by vendor or  vending machine. The beverage comes in several flavors, depending on the country. Nestea has become the subject of an investigation by  PETA, which discovered cruel experimentation conducted on rodents, in an â€Å"attempt to discover possible health benefits Nesquik †¢ Nesquik  is a family of milk beverage products made by the  Nestle  corporation. It began as a  chocolate powdered flavoring mix in the  United States  in 1948, as  Nestle Quick. In the 1950s, it was launched in Europe  as  Nesquik. In countries with the  Quick  term (including the  USA,  Canada,  Mexico, and  Australia, where it was originally marketed under the name  Nestle’s Quik), the name was changed to the worldwide brand  Nesquik  in 1999. At the same time,  General Mills  introduced Nesquik cereal, a  breakfast cereal  that â€Å"turns milk into chocolate milk,† which is similar to  Cocoa Puffs. Ice cream Ahus Glass †¢ Ahus Glass  was a Swedish ice cream producer, situated in the locality of  Ahus  in  Kristianstad Municipality,  Skane County. The Swedish word for ice cream is â€Å"glass†. It started its fabrication in 1950. In 2002 the company  Ingman  bought the factory and instead of using the name Ahus Glass, the ice cream became Ingman Glass AB. However, the factory still produces ice cream, and since 2007, produces ice cream under the original brand name of Ahus Glass. The factory specializes in milk-free ice cream made with soya and lactose-free ice cream. Haagen-Dazs †¢ Haagen-Dazs   is a luxury  ice cream  brand, established by  Reuben and Rose Mattus  in  the Bronx,  New York, in 1961. Starting with only three flavors:  vanilla,  chocolate, andcoffee, the company opened its first  retail store  in  Brooklyn, New York, on November 15, 1976. [1]  The business grew, and created  franchises  throughout the United States and many other countries around the world. [2]  Haagen-Dazs produces ice cream, ice cream bars, ice cream cakes,  sorbet  and  frozen yogurt. Infant food †¢ Cerelac  is a brand of instant cereal made by  Nestle. The cereal is promoted for infants 6 months and older as a supplement to breast milk when it is no longer the sole item in an infant’s diet. It is currently sold in Belgium, Portugal, India, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Philippines, South East Asia, and the Middle East. †¢ Gerber Products Company  is a  purveyor  of  baby food  and baby products. A formerAmerican-owned  company, Gerber is now a subsidiary of  Nestle, and is currently located inFremont, Michigan, USA. The company was founded in 1927 in  Fremont, Michigan, by  Daniel Frank Gerber, owner of theFremont Canning Company, which produced canned fruit and vegetables. At the suggestion of a pediatrician, Gerber’s wife Dorothy Gerber began making hand-strained food for their seven-month-old daughter,  Sally. Recognising a business opportunity, Gerber began making baby food. By 1928, he had developed five products for the market: strained peas, prunes, carrots and spinach, and beef vegetable soup. Six months later, Gerber’s baby foods were distributed nationwide. Health care nutrition †¢ Boost  is the brand name of a line of products first introduced in 1995 by  Mead Johnson, which was purchased by  Novartis  along with all its other adult nutrition products by Mead Johnson in 2002, and has been sold to  Nestle  along with the  Gerber  brand on September 1, 2007. It was featured in popular news reports after a man filed suit claiming that Boost Plus had caused his  priapism. The ingredients of Boost Plus are common food products or vitamins, present at 3 to 100% of their  recommended daily values. For example, the  vanilla  flavor contains water,  corn syrup  solids,  sugar,  milk protein  concentrate,  canola oil, high  oleic  sunflower oil,  calcium caseinate,  sodium caseinate,  corn oil, and less than 1%  potassium citrate,  magnesium chloride,  soy lecithin,  calcium phosphate,  salt,  sodium ascorbate,  beta carotene,  biotin,niacinamide,  calcium pantothenate,  vitamin B12,  vitamin B6  hydrochloride,  riboflavin,  thiamin hydrochloride,  folic acid,  potassium iodide,magnesium phosphate,  artificial flavor,  choline  chloride,  vitamin E acetate,  vitamin A palmitate,  vitamin D3,  vitamin K1,  carrageenan,potassium chloride,  zinc sulfate,  manganese sulfate,  cupric sulfate,  chromic chloride,  sodium molybdate,  sodium selenite,  ferrous Seasonings Maggi †¢ Maggi  (pronounced  [? ma? i]) is a  Nestle  brand  of instant  soups,  stocks,  bouillon cubes,  ketchups,sauces,  seasonings  and  instant noodles. The original company came into existence in 1872 inSwitzerland, when  Julius Maggi  took over his father’s mill. He quickly became a pioneer of industrial food production, aiming to improve the nutritional intake of worker families. Maggi was the first to bring protein-rich legume meal to the market, and followed up with a ready-made soup based on legume meal in 1886. In 1897,  Julius Maggi  founded the company Maggi GmbH in the German town of  Singen, where it is still based today. Chocolate 100 Grand Bar 100 Grand Bar  (formerly known as  $100,000 Bar) is a  candy bar  produced by  Nestlein the  United States. It weighs 1. 5 ounces (42  grams) and includes  chocolate,  carameland  crisped rice. The bar contains 190 calories; it is low in cholesterol and sodium, but high in  saturated fat  and sugar. [1]  Its slogan is â€Å"That’s Rich! † Aero †¢ Aero  is a  milk chocolate  bar filled with bubbles of air, made by  Nestle  and primarily sold in the United Kingdom (where it originated), Ireland, Mainland Europe, Brazil, South Africa, Argentina, Australia, Middle East and Canada. The process of manufacture was patented in 1935 by  Rowntree’s. [1][2]  Registration of the trademark and manufacture to market started soon afte Petcare Alpois an American brand of  dog food  marketed and manufactured by the  Nestle Purina Petcare  subsidiary of  Nestle. The brand is offered as a canned or packaged soft food, as well as in dry  kibbles. CHAPTER 5 PROMOTION Nestle constitutes the bigger corporation in the field of research and technology of foods. Her annual investment in Research and Growth is the biggest of the branch    while her personnel    in this sector exceeds the 3. 000 people. T he Nestle Research Centre    in Lausanne, where is carried out    the basic research, is recognized globally    as one of the leading centres of researches in his type with above 300 publications in valid scientific publications each year. The main activity of Group Nestle, which constitutes the bigger enterprise of foodstuffs worldwide, is focused in the sector the general and special human diet. Even if initially her work was based on the milk and the special products of diet for children, many still products were added in her activities with the byway of years, such as chocolates and    (CRUNCH, CAILLER, KIT KAT, AFTER EIGHT, SMARTIES etc), coffee (NESCAFE, etc), drinks    (NESTEA, NESQUIK etc), cooking products (soups, broths and mash MAGGI, pastas BUITONI, tins LI[B]BY’S etc), products of refrigerator (yoghurt CHAMBOURCY, ice-creams NESTLE, MOTTA and CAMY, desserts etc), natural metal water (PERRIER, VITTEL, SAN PELLEGRINO etc), frozen products (LEAN CUISINE) and products of cerials (FITNESS, CLUSTERS, CHEERIOS etc). Also,in our days    NESTLE is taken action in the sector of products of diet of small domestic animals (FRISKIES, GOURMET, FELIX etc), as in the sectors of ophthalmologic (ALCON, OPTI – FREE etc), dermatological pharmaceutical and cosmetic products (NUTRADERM, BENZAC etc). In Greece, Nestle has presence above 100 years and constitutes today one from the bigger industrial companies of foods and drinks. The group Nestle in Greece is today constituted by the companies NESTLE GREECE S. A, NESTLE GREECE ICE-CREAMS S. A, GROUP of CERIALS GREECE. and ALCON INTERNATIONAL GREECE LTD, has totally in 4 factories and occupies in total 1350. It consists of a diverse collection of incentive tools, mostly short term, designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase of particular products or services by consumers or the trade. From marketing point of view, Promotion informs, persuades, and reminds prospective and current customers and other selected audiences about a company and its products. The most useful brand is failure if no one knows it is available. Promotional †¢ A promotional mix is an organization’s combination of personal selling, advertising, sales promotion, and public relations. An effective promotional mix is a critical part of all marketing strategies. Promotion, in whatever form it takes, is an attempt to influence. Nestle is using following methods for promotion of NPL: Advertising †¢ It is non-personal communication paid for by a clearly identified sponsor promoting ideas, organizations, or products. The most familiar outlets for ads used for the advertisement of the NPL by Nestle are the broadcast (TV and Radio) and print media (news papers and magazines). The Nestle also uses other advertising vehicles like billboards, T-shirts and, more recently the Internet. Nestle has its own website which is giving the information about the different brand of the company. Nestle is doing the selective demand advertising that is intended to stimulate demand for individual brands. In the advertisement the message is given that, †¢ There is  one water, which gives you, hope, happiness and trust and that water is Nestle Pure Life. It is pure, safe, and healthy water. And in recent advertising campaign, their slogan is, †¢ JIYO! Kay yehi hay zindagi. On billboards the pictures of NPL advertisement seems so attractive, especially in summer season across the roads that it motivates the customer to purchase it immediately. Nestle has the internal advertising department as well as hire the services of the external Media manager assisted by it’s assistant to devise all campaigns†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Promotion †¢ It is demand-stimulating activity designed to supplement advertising. It is paid for by the sponsor and frequently involved a temporary incentive to encourage a sale or purchase. Many sales promotions are directed at consumer. Nestle has designed it in away to encourage the company’s sales force or other members of the distribution channel to sell products more aggressively. Nestle Pakistan limited arranges concerts, trade shows, event sponsorship, in-store displays, and discounts. In Nestle, a separate sales department is working. The function of this department is to taking the sales orders, visiting the market, collecting the customer’s complaints and transferring to the concerned department. They also make sure the availability of the NPL to the consumer at right time and at right place. Public relations †¢ It encompasses a wide variety of communication efforts to contribute to generally favorable attitudes and opinions toward an organization and its products. Unlike most advertising and personal selling, it does not include specific sales message. The targets may be customers, stockholders, a government agency, or a special-interest group. Public relations can take many forms, including newsletters, annual reports, lobbying, and support of charitable and civic events. Nestle is following all above mentioned public relations forms: †¢ The company assists through donations such hospitals and organizations that provide services to the poor and responds to distress calls by the government and NGOs for assistance to victims of flood, earthquake, drought and other natural calamities. †¢ The company arrange mil program for undernourished and sick children and mothers through several NGOs and charitable organizations. The company has initiated a tube well and hand pump installation scheme in selected rural areas. †¢ It donates computers to schools for disadvantaged children run by NGOs and charitable organizations. †¢ To support the spread of education in rural areas, it undertakes Refurbishment Program of Govt. op erated primary and middle schools. †¢ The Company regularly sponsors sports and cultural events, such as the International Polo Tournament and SAF Games in the recent past. †¢ The company gives the extra gifts, calendars and diaries to the employees and customers for public relations. Publicity †¢ Publicity is also a promotional method used by the Nestle. Publicity is specific form of public relations that involves news stories about organization or its products. Like advertising, it consists of an impersonal message that reaches a mass audience through the media. But several features distinguish publicity from advertising. The company does not pay for it and it has little or no control over this and it appears as news and therefore has grater credibility than advertising. The company seeks for good publicity and frequently provides the material for it in the form of news releases, press conferences, and photographs. When a picture of a company’s CEO appears on the cover of business publication and it accompanied by a lattering article in the magazine, it is often attributable to the efforts of the firm’s public relations department. Integrated Marketing communication †¢ Nestle is using the integrated marketing communication system. In this, company is trying to coordinate all promotional efforts make an effective i mpact on the customer mind and to deliver a consist message. The Nestle has incorporated several different promotional campaigns. Depending upon the objectives and available funds, it undertakes simultaneous local, regional, national, and international programs. Findings and Recommendations †¢ This is competitive world and must never forget that customers have a choice. If they are not satisfied with a Nestle Pure Life, they will switch to another brand. The pursuit of highest quality at any price is no guarantee for success, nor is a single-minded cost-cutting approach. Lasting competitive advantage is gained from a balanced search for optimal value to customers, by simultaneous improvement of quality and reduction cost. Success can never be taken for granted. Nestle must watch and learn from its competitors. If they do something better, Nestle must improve its own performance. Nestle can achieve competitive advantage through Quality. Progress is followed by listening to Nestle customers and by measuring its works performance. Shortcomings and mistakes must be analyzed and corrected. Problems must be anticipated and prevented before they occur. Nestle also must identify and take advantage of opportunities. To stand still is to fall behind. So Nestle must strive for continuous improvement in every area. It is through many small improvements as well as through major breakthroughs that Nestle will achieve excellence. We have observed from our extensive hard-work to compile these pages and after visiting the organization that the company is eager to serve consumers at its every possible level, consumer services department is the evidence of such a pursuit from the organization point of view. Presently the company is market leader in it’s category but it shouldn’t take it as a complacent attitude rather capitalize on its good brand equity and to improve its quality of product to reap not only more profits for the shareholder but also serve the humanity by providing them healthful water which in other way a noble sacred job. The company can fulfill this job by having such a spirit following it religiously by incorporating it all the marketing strategies Product Strategy †¢ Anything offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a need or want. Product is set of tangible and intangible attributes, including packaging, color, price, manufacturing, prestige, retailing, services, etc. which the buyer may accept as offering want is satisfied. Nestle is offering the products, which comes under the category of fast moving consumer goods (FMCG). Nestle is committed to offering consumers high-quality food products that are safe, tasty and affordable. The Nestle Seal of Guarantee is a symbol of this commitment. To be successful in marketing, producers must need carefully planned strategies for their products. Now the question is that how Nestle has planned the product strategies for NPL. Positioning the Product In relation to the attribute †¢ Nestle is positioning its water as pure and safe water, which is essential to good health. They say that Trust Nestle Pure Life and also  Nestle pure life is Happiness, Hope and Trust,  this is the message which they are giving in their advertising campaign. Nestle also claims that NPL is  Pakistan’s favorite water  and currently their slogan is  JIYO! kay yehi hay zindagi. On basis of these, it is said that Nestle is positioning in relation to the attribute and quality of the product. Its basic foundation is unchanged from the time of the origins of Company, and ref lects the basic ideas of fairness, honesty, and a general concern for people. Product Line Expansion †¢ Product line expansion is accomplished by increasing the depth (variety of sizes, colors, models) within the product line. Nestle is offering variety of sizes in NPL product line, which are as follows: Retail line: †¢ 1. 5 liters †¢ 0. 5 liters †¢ 0. 2 liters (Recently launched) †¢ Home and Office Line: It is also comes under Nestle Bulk category. †¢ 3 Gallon †¢ 5 Gallon The year 2005 saw the successful completion of yet another year of outstanding business for NESTLE PURE LIFE both in retail with 0. 5 and 1. 5liter bottles with the introduction of a new product i. e. 0. 2 liter bottle and direct home and office delivery with 19 liter bottles. The exceptional performance of the brand is the result of expanding national distribution and an increasingly loyal customer bases. The brand has revolutionized the Pakistani market by tapping the real cons umer need for pure, safe and healthy water and has successfully dominated a key strategic business in Pakistan. Product Life Cycle Product life cycle consists of the aggregate demand over an extended period of time for all brands comprising a generic product category. Product life cycle is divided in four stages. Introduction: During introduction stage, sometimes called the pioneering stage, a product is launched into the market in a full-scale marketing program. Growth: †¢ In the growth stage, or market-acceptance stage, sales and profits rise, frequently at a rapid rate. Competitors enter the market, often in large numbers if the profit outlook is particularly attractive. Maturity: †¢ During first part of the maturity stage, sales continue to increase, but at a decreasing rate. When sales level off, profits of both producers and middlemen decline. The prime reason is intense competition. Decline: In this stage sales volume decreases and losses become grater than the prof its. Small competitors normally quit from the market at this stage and only large and strong remain moderately successful in decline stage. NPL is at the growth stage of the product life cycle. Large and small both kinds of competitors are entering in the market. Sales volume and market share is increasing rapidly. Last year, the sales of water were 8000 tons and now this figure is raised up to 14000 tons. Branding †¢ A brand is a name and/or mark intended to identify the product of one seller or group of sellers and differentiate the product from competing products. Branding reduces the price competition. Nestle is using following branding strategies:The company name combined with a product name: A Nestle brand name on a product is a promise to the customer that it is safe to consume, that it complies with all regulations and that it meets high standards of quality. Branding for Market Saturation: †¢ NPL is categorized as NPL Home and Office (HOD) in bulk (in gallons) and NPL for retailers i. e. easily carrying bottles of small sizes. These multiple brands are necessary to penetrate separate target markets. Packaging, Design, Color †¢ Packaging consists of all the activities of designing and producing the container or wrapper for a product. Packaging is intended to serve vital purposes Packaging connotes pleasure and attraction. By adding value to the product, the shape of the bottle contributes to building brand identity. NPL round bottle and the classic elegance of bottle are instantly recognizable. Constant research into materials and styles generates innovative packaging in ever more attractive shapes, textures and colors. Renovation in design, graphic identity and labels helps set new standards and energize brands by anticipating trends in consumer tastes. By adopting a new dynamic design, a renovated and modernized square bottle is lunched by Nestle. Packaging practicality is a key factor for   success. Beyond the basic requirements – strength, water tightness, etc. – ease of daily use is a subject of regular research. Innovation in this area can focus on transportation convenience, making the pack more comfortable to carry the bottle. Packaging is an essential protection. It guarantees product safety and quality from manufacturing through warehousing and distribution up until the end consumer. It is particularly crucial in preserving water’s original purity over time. Several of Nestle Waters’ research programs aim to optimize material performance, while a battery of tests and ever more innovative capping techniques guarantee consumer safety on a daily basis. In addition to this primary role, packaging fulfils several complementary functions, including product identification and enhancement, practicality, consumer information, functionality to suit changing lifestyles, and so on. Given greater diversity in packaging types and quality, along with the emergence of new consumption patterns, packaging must also meet new ecological challenges. In this context, Nestle Waters continue its efforts to develop more environmentally friendly bottles. This responsible corporate policy relies on a dual approach: reducing both packaging weight and energy requirements during the manufacturing process while considerably increasing the quantity of material recycled. Labeling †¢ A grade label is used in case of NPL. Grade label identifies the product’s judged quality with a letter, number, or word. Nestle is using different phrases words to show the quality of the product. Like Trust, Happiness, Pure, Pakistan’s favorite water, safe, healthy and Premium drinking water. Quality There’s no agreement on a definition of product quality, even though it is universally recognized as significant. Quality is a relative term and it varies from person to person d ue to the personal interests; what one likes, another may dislike. But one thing is common that when an organization fulfills the expectations of the customers through its products then the image that organization is established as a quality-delivering organization. The same case is with NPL it is satisfying the needs and expectations of the customers through its standardized products. Everyday, millions of people all over the world show their confidence on Nestle by choosing Nestle Pure Life. This confidence is based on quality image of Nestle and a reputation for high standards that has been built up over many years. Nestle commitment to product quality remains the corner stone of its business philosophy. In Pakistan too the Company has all along been committed to achieving the highest quality of its products. As a part of this effort, in 1993, the Company embarked upon the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"farm to table†Ã‚  quality concept –  the guarantee about the quality of Nestle products up to the time of consumption by the consumer. Nestle expect this concept to result in its product becoming the  product of choice  for its consumers. Quality is the cornerstone of NPL success: Every product on the shelf, every service and every customer contact helps to shape this image. A Nestle brand name on a product is a promise to the customer that it is safe to consume, that it complies Quality is the cornerstone of success. Every product on the shelf, every service and every customer contact helps to shape this image. A Nestle brand name on a product is a promise to the customer that it is safe to consume, that it complies with all regulations and that it meets high standards of quality. Under no circumstances will we compromise on the safety of a product and every effort must be made to avoid hazards to health. Likewise, compliance with all relevant laws and regulations is a must and is not negotiable. People, equipment and instruments are made available to ensure safety and conformity of Nestle NPL at all times. Nestle people says: Quality is our most successful product. It is the key to our success, today and tomorrow. Natural or treated, all of Nestle Waters’ bottled waters undergo the same strict quality controls and adhere to different local and i nternational regulations linked to their specificities. Based at the Product Technology Centre (PTC) in Vittel in France, the Central Laboratory carries out over 200,000 chemical and microbiological analyses every year. Linking two regional laboratories, the Central Laboratory is not only a quality guarantee of the resource and the final product, but also a centre of expertise for the hundred Nestle Waters’ production sites. CHAPTER 6 PRICE Price is the amount of money and/or other items with utility needed to acquire a product. and utility is an attribute with potential to satisfy the wants. A product price influences wages, rent, interests, and profits. Some prospective customers are interested in low prices, where as another segment is more concerned with other factors, such as service, quality, value, and brand image. Consumer’s perception of quality may be influenced not just by price but also by such factors as store reputation and advertising. Pricing objectives may be: †¢ Profit- oriented: †¢ To achieve a target return †¢ To maximize profit †¢ Sales-oriented †¢ To stabilize prices To maintain or increase market share †¢ Status quo-oriented: †¢ To stabilize the prices †¢ To meet competition In developing a marketing program, management has to decide whether to compete primarily on the basis of price or the non-price elements of the marketing mix. Nestle has adopted f ollowing for setting the pricing of NPL: Non-price Competition †¢ Nestle is trying to maintain stable prices of NPL and attempt to improve its market positions by emphasizing other aspects of their marketing programs. Of course, competitors’ prices still must be taken into considerations, and price changes will occur over time. Nevertheless, the emphasis of Nestle is on something other than price. To maintain this non-price competition Nestle is developing distinctive, hopefully unique, products and to create a novel, appealing promotional program. In addition, it emphasizes the variety and quality of the NPL, which they are offering to customers. Market Entry Strategies †¢ The price of NPL is maintained constant over the period as the base for this is qualitative product which over the time period has reaped more market by keeping price constant. Discounts and Allowances †¢ Discounts and allowances result in a deduction from the base (or list) price. The deduction may be in the form of reduced price or some other concession, such as free merchandise or advertising allowances. Discounts and allowances are common in business dealings. Nestle (NPL) offers the  Trade Discounts  to it customers. Trade discounts sometimes called functional discounts are deductions from the list price offered to buyers in payments for marketing functions the buyer will perform. The examples of these functions are: storing, promoting, and selling the product. One-Price Strategy †¢ NPL is using this special price strategy i. e. one-price strategy  in which the company charges the same price to all similar customers who buy identical quantities of a product. But for different quantities the company is offering different price. Even prices are set for the NPL products. Resale Price Maintenance Some manufacturers want to control the prices at which middlemen resell their products; this is termed as resale price maintenance. Nestle is also following this strategy. It is doing so to protect the brand’s image. They say that their control of prices provide middleman wit h ample profit margins. Global pricing policies: †¢ Apart from global coordination of prices on  specific products and firms usually adoptone of the three alternative pricing  policies that cut across their product lines. theseare †¢ 1. Polycentric  pricing  2. Geocentric pricing  3. Ethnocentric  pricing     Nestle use geocentric pricing policy. †¢ Nestle Products price planning Nestle dairy products are priced keeping in view the buying power of middle-income and high-income social classes. The  cost  includes  the  cost  of  manufacturing,  labor,  raw  materials  etc. Theindustry sales growth is largely driven by population growth as well as theamount of advertising and product innovation taking place in the industry. Thecompany  has resorted to  pricing  discrimination strategies  to maximize the  valueof consumer demand Being a multinational brand, the pricing objective of Nestle is mainly to increasesales as it has already penetrated the market. Their prices are not affected by pricechanges by competitors, and they don’t engage in price wars. Competition is metthrough innovation. The prices of Nestle milk change as the product size ischanged of the Product Life Cycle. And Because of the contract between theseller companies, they offer same price. So there is no skim based or penetration  based pricing by company. The retail prices are different according to there size and brand. However priceshave been standardized throughout Pakistan and there is no differentiation basedon geographical areas. There is no change in prices according to season. Itremains the same. They adopt same strategy in international marketing as in local  marketing. But the  prices are according to the international currency NESTLE PRICING STRATEGY Price In  Price  strategy, Nestle has adopted the strategy of non-price competition. It is offering one price for NPL to all. It also keeps the check on distributors to maintain single price of NPL. It offers trade discounts to its distributors. Price is the amount of money and/or other items with utility needed to acquire a product and utility is an attribute with potential to satisfy the wants. A product price influences wages, rent, interests, and profits. Some prospective customers are interested in low prices, where as another segment is more concerned with other factors, such as service, quality, value, and brand image. Consumer’s perception of quality may be influenced not just by price but also by such factors as store reputation and advertising. Nestle estimated the cost by doing accumulated production because if they produced mass production so it reduced their labored cost and other cost for production process it’s a big advantages of the Nestle company who produce large quantity of units. With the help accumulated production Nestle Company has a low cost of production and high profit margin. Next, Nestle company selecting a price method of going rate price because their pricing near the competitor pricing. As an example, Nestle juices have a market leader in beverage industry. Last, Nestle set the final pricing related to their market competitors so Nestle price do not have impact on the company policy , and other marketing activities. †¢ Pricing Strategy Patterns The desire to smooth prices has been posited by coffee manufacturers as one explanation for not fully adjusting prices to changes in costs. In an investigation by the United Kingdom Competition Commission, Nestle commented:Starbucks spokeswoman Helen Chung stated, â€Å"We do not change our prices based on short-term fluctuations in the coffee market† (Seattle Times,December 7, 1999). P commented in conjunction with its 2004 priceincrease that P â€Å"increases product prices when it is apparent that commodity price increases will be sustained† (Associated Press, Dec. 10,2004). Coffee manufacturers often cite movements in futures prices as moti-vation for price adjustments, further corroborating their stated desire tosmooth prices. Not evident from market-level averages is the fact that individual manufacturer prices often remain fixed for long periods of time. Figure 2 presents a typical manufacturer-price series for Folgers coffee. Historically, adjustments in prices have occurred primarily when coffee commodity prices are relatively volatile. Table 5 presents the standard deviation of weekly coffee commodity prices by year, as well as the average frequency of manufacturer price adjustments during the year FINAL STRATEGY OF NESTLE Nestle is one of the world’s number one food company since their beginning in 1866 when they started in Vevey Switzerland. They are also one of the largest food businesses comprising of almost 500 factories and more than 250,000 workers all over the world. Nestle has been accepted with their bestselling products including Milo, Nido, Bear Brand, Nestea, Neslac, Nestogen, Nescafe etc. these products has been passed on through generations. It has been a product of tradition that passed on until today; it is a product of hereditary choice. Their products are regarded as one of the most suitable food that is highly recommended for the whole family. Nescafe has been a part of staple food among nations, The Milo tonic food drink and Bear brand carries their flagship products that even sports enthusiast will love. This has become an energy giving food that supplies a well rounded personality and nutritious value for children and adults alike. Undoubtedly their products have demonstrated unprecedented market dominance and successful strategic marketing practices that has been envied and imitated by other large corporation that has always been their competition. And this has been their open secret of success. The distribution strategy integration throughout the world has become their most sustainable marketing arm that caters entirely to its original market. This distribution system covers the entire world that should be regulated and maximize to have an equal share or according to their market responses, that is why the distribution strategy has become very successful and accurately achieved, this means that no amount of products will be left in bad orders or expiration. . Chapter 7 Place Inn marketing strategy, Place means distribution of the products. It is a very important element of the marketing-mix. Ownership of a product has to be transferred some how from the individual or organization that makes it to the consumer who needs it and buy it. Goods also must be physically transported from where they are produced to where they are needed. For this purpose, middlemen are used. Middleman is a business firm that renders services related directly to the sale and/or purchase of a product as it flows from producer to consumer. Due to these middlemen, activities such as creating assortments and storing products can be shifted from one party to another in an effort to improve efficiency. They are also able to carry out distribution activities better or more cheaply than either producers or consumers. A  distribution channel  consists of the set of people and firms involved in the transfer of title to a product as the product moves from producer to ultimate consumer or business user. Type of Distribution channel: †¢ Diverse distribution channels exist today. The distribution channel used for distribution of NPL by Nestle is: Producer[pic]  Wholesaler  [pic]Retailer[pic]  Consumer This is an economically feasible choice. Nestle Pakistan Limited has a strong network of distribution and has a separate supply chain department. This comes under the term: Vertical Marketing System (VMS) †¢ VMS  is tightly coordinated distribution channel designed specifically to improve operating efficiency and marketing effectiveness. This is done by the Nestle. They have established an ownership relationship with the successive levels of the middlemen. Supply chain management (SCM) †¢ It represents a total system perspective of distribution, combining distribution channels and physical distribution. The core of supply chain management is coordinated logistics. Under supply chain management NPL is distributed through two main channels ie. 1. Consumer Retail Channel 2. Bulk Consumer a. Home b. Office 1. Consumer Retail Channel Company  [pic]Wholesaler  [pic]Retailer  [pic]Consumer 2. Bulk Consumer Company  [pic]Wholesaler[pic]  Consumer Considerations in selecting the channels Nestle is adopting foolowing considerations while selecting the distribution channel. Market consideration †¢ It is necessary to know about the current marketing trends and also about the competitors. Product consideration †¢ It is necessary to give the good quality of NPL. Middleman Consideration Water is necessity of life so in time availability of NPL to the customer is very necessary. Company consideration †¢ Nestle also has to take care of its objectives while selecting the channel i. e. quality service and at reasonable distribution cost to get maximum profit. Intensity of Dist ribution †¢ There are many degrees of intensity__ ranging from intensive to selective to exclusive. The Nestle (NPL) uses Intensive Distribution. The company is trying to sell its products through every available outlet in a market, where a consumer might reasonably look for it. As water is a product of daily usage so its availability at right time and at right place is very important. Ultimate consumers demand immediate satisfaction from convenience goods and will not defer to purchase a particular brand. That’s why Nestle is using this intensive distribution. By using this timely distribution many benefits the Nestle (NPL) is receiving, such as Improve customer service, which directly affects the demand. Effective physical distribution management opens many revenues for company. The strong and effective distribution channels has added value to product by both time utility and place utility. The Nestle brands are another strategic asset for Nestle Waters. They originated in the global need for a safe family drinking water with a pleasant taste, affordable price and tailored to local preferences. This need gave rise to a new multi-site production process for bottled water based on a simple idea: a single brand of water produced at a variety of sites, thus reducing costly logistical, warehousing and transport constraints – which are particularly high in the bottled water sector – enabling consumers to enjoy the product at a more attractive price under a strong brand identity. Careful Management of distribution channels has resulted in helping for Nestle to keep the stable prices of the Nestle Pure Life. Marketing Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. While strategy is the action plan to do something and hence, Marketing Strategy is the managerial process of developing and maintaining a viable fit between the organization’s objectives, skills and resources and its changing market opportunities. The aim of marketing strategy is to shape the company’s business and products so that they yield targeted profit growth. Nestle Pakistan Limited is selected to study that how they have planned their marketing strategy for Nestle Pure Life (water). Nestle is a multinational food company and offering Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). The motto of Nestle is â€Å"Good Food, Good Life†, so delivering the qualitative products to the customer is their main objective. It is offering 75 brands of bottled waters worldwide. Nestle Pure Life (NPL) is one of them that was first offered in Pakistan by Nestle Pakistan Limited in 1998. People felt need of Pure, safe and clean water because of impurities in water especially in the industrialized cities like Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad etc. Nestle identified this opportunity and lunched NPL that satisfied the customer needs and Nestle become market leader in the water industry. The customers of NPL showed interest on NPL because of trust on Quality of Nestle, at the heart of which there are qualitative products and its long term commitment to deliver better products to consumers. Being the market leader, the market share of NPL is 78% that is much higher than its competitors. NPL is passing through its Growth stage (of Product Life Cycle) i. e. its sales are increasing tremendously and competitors are entering in the market like Aqua Fina by Pepsi and Askari Waters. There are different SKU’s of NPL to cover a wide market needs like for Home and office delivery there are 3gallon and 5 gallon bottles (bulk usage) and for day to day usage easily carrying light weight like â€Å"1. 5, 0. 5, 0. 2 liters† bottles are available in the market. Still Nestle is working on bringing the changes and innovation in this field. For this it has close relationship with its suppliers and distributors to get their suggestion to improve the quality of NPL. Nestle Pakistan also has the Customer Service Department with the logo â€Å"Talk to Nestle† in Lahore to receive the complaints and suggestions from the customers. In this way Nestle analyze its market and becomes aware of the new market trends. Marketing strategy incl How to cite Nestle, Essay examples

Process of Facilitation in Clinical Context Sample for Students

Question: Describe a Clinical Practice Issue. Critically analyse Material Including relevant research articlesto Support an argument for how an understanding of Adult learning theory may assist the Facilitation of Practice Development within a Clinical Context. How might the role of Facilitation assist when approaching this Practice Issue? Answer: Facilitation in clinical context is the process of providing support to clinical staffs or group to achieve beneficial change in professional practice. It is an important tool to bridge the gap between theory and clinical practice. This mean of practice development helps to address the quality of care and advance health care practices. The role of a clinical facilitator is to address the challenges faced in delivering care to patients in specific scenario. The understanding of the adult learning theory supports the facilitation of practice development in clinical context (Taylor et al. 2013). The application of adult learning theory in practice development is realized due to strong positive results such as increased engagement in learning, favorable outcome, development of learning orientation and increased application of learning in professional context (Zepeda et al. 2014). The essay particularly deals with the clinical issues of challenges faced by nurses in wound management and e xplains the importance of adult learning theory in the facilitation process to address clinical issues in practice. One of the important clinical issue facing nurses and clinician in clinical setting is related to the management of wound and promoting wound healing. Complete wound healing is not achieved due to variety of issues such as effect of ageing, presence of systemic diseases or arterial inefficiency. In basic nursing practice, wound healing is not just about infection control and dressing wounds, it also involves promotion of therapeutic nutrition, psychosocial support, hygiene and comfort (Corbett 2012). Nurses fail to implement best healing practices because they focus just on clinical factors associated with wound management and fail to identify psychosocial and educational factors of patients in wound healing. Besides this, there are significant advancements in wound management in clinical practice, which means nurses need to acquire new knowledge about wound etiology and pathology (Gillespie et al. 2014). Hence, lack of focus on wound management among nurse and poor standardization o f best practice standards creates issues for nurses in daily practice. Due to the rise in complexity and cost of wound care, it is necessary that nurses implement wound care practices based on best practice guidelines. The limitation and clinical issues faced by nurse in wound management can be strengthened by means of appropriate facilitation process in practice development. Seeking help by practice development facilitators helps to address challenges in clinical care environment and enhance theory-practice application. Practice development is achieved by means of a facilitator who assists nurses in bringing positive change in nursing action and practice for the benefit of the patient (Dogherty et al. 2013). The facilitation and practice development process can be successful by means of effective utilization of adult learning theory. Different types of adult learning theories are based on different response of adults in the learning process. Adult learners bring experience to the learning environment and it is student-centred, problem-oriented and coll aborative approach to learning and education (Merriam 2015). An individual responds to information during the learning process in many ways. The two primary approaches used in adult learning theory are the behaviorist approach and the cognitive approach. Behaviorist theory is related to establishing connection between stimuli and response. On the other hand, cognitive theory deals with the manner in which individual processed information in their mind. In relation to the facilitation process to address clinical issues faced by nurse in wound management, the Kolbs experiential learning model can be adapted in the facilitation and learning process. It is mainly concerned with the internal cognitive process of a learner and the trigger to develop new concepts in practice is triggered by new experiences. Learners have a concrete experience and the reflection process helps them to formulate abstract concept and generalize them in practice setting. The understanding is further strengthened by means of evaluating the implications of the new knowledge in new situations. This action facilitates development of concrete experience and the learning process continues in this way. Learner with different learning preference can gain competitive advantage in different quadrants of the Kolb cycle (Taylor and Hamdy 2013). Hence, when nurses are engaged in direct experience with patients along with an emphasis on reflection, the use of experiential learning model like Kolbs facilitates development of clinical skills in nurses (de Oliveira et al. 2015). The first stage of the Kolbs learning cycle is the concrete experience stage in which a new experience of a situation is encountered. As adult learning is a form of problem-based learning, critical thinking skill is necessary during the facilitation process of practice development. Therefore, in the first stage a participant tries to learn by the exploration of the problem (Huseb et al. 2015). For example, the main clinical issues faced by nurse during wound management are related to the timing of the removal of a dressing after the operation or surgery. In the post-operative period, it is unclear to nurses whether incision must remain covered or showering may have an impact on wound healing. While some guidelines lays stress on longer dressing periods to prevent risk of contamination, other studies suggest limited benefits of longer dressing. There is lack of standardization of best practice in wound care among nurses (Gillespie et al. 2014). Hence, in the clinical nursing context, the presence of this kind of clinical issue provides a basis for observation and reflection on the problem. Due to the concrete experience of nurses (clinical issue faced in wound care) in clinical setting, they need to move to the second stage of reflective observation to facilitate new practice development. It mainly involves reflecting on a particular experience (DeCoux 2016). In case of the clinical issue of wound management, a nurse may engage in critical thinking practices regarding the reasons for wound injury among them. The achievement of critical thinking skill is a necessary skill for nurses as critical and reflection and experiential learning promotes practice development and facilitation process in nursing (Hakim et al. 2014). In the second stage of Kolbs learning cycle, reflective observation helps in the apprehension process of the experience. By this means, nurses can make sense of the concrete experience on a variety of perspective. For instance the causal factor behind challenges in wound healing can be addressed by means of thorough observation of the clinical issue, ana lyzing all the physiological parameters of wound healing and identifying the anomalies in current practice. A nurse themselves or a facilitator can help to collect current data on best practice for wound healing and then plan the action needed to stabilize the situation (DeCoux 2016). The third stage of learning according to Kolbs learning model is the abstract conceptualization stage in which the reflection process leads to the modification of the existing abstract concept. It involves coming to the conclusion about any experience by means of using ideas and logic to understand the situation or a problem in a professional or clinical context (Chmil et al. 2015). Therefore, to reduce the practice gap in nurses knowledge regarding acute wound care, they key modification process will be required in practice. In the abstract conceptualization phase of learning, the reason for clinical issue in wound management practice can be identified. This may include developing the ability to perform accurate wound assessment on a regular basis to ensure that any complications in wound healing is readily identified. It will be an effective step not just to increase the recovery process but also to reduce the cost associated with treatment. The role of facilitators will be crucial in this stage to make it clear to nurse regarding the recommended time period for removal of dressing and the appropriate clinical procedure of wound assessment (Gillespie et al. 2014). The final stage in the learning procedure for practice development includes the active experimentation stage in which the learner applied the new skills in actual setting to observe the outcome. If the hypothesis is proved in future situations, it leads to a new experience and new set of skills in professional practice. In the active experimentation stage, different theories are tested to evaluate the outcome and modify the plan of care (Kolb 2014). In relation to the clinical issue of wound management practices in nursing, the active experimentation process can be done by developing a plan of changes to facilitate development of updated skills in wound care. It may involve conservation of not just structural integrity of wound in patients, but also conserving the social and personal integrity of patients. Hence, main care priority in wound healing will involve restoring the body structure by preventing physical breakdown, fostering awareness of patents and restoring the patients sen se of identity (Leach 2006). Nursing facilitators might also help in skill development of nurses sharing knowledge regarding the current practice guidelines for wound healing. It will be an effective approach reduce variation in practice and improve the quality of care. A wound care specialist nurse might also help nurse in gathering information related to wound care. Any barrier to the implementation of the best practice guidelines must be identified at the first instance to increase the pace of facilitation process (Qader et al. 2015). The explanation of the methods to engage a nurse in reflective learning practice to address the clinical issue faced in wound management reveals the important of adult learning theory in a learning environment. The responsibility of both the learner and an educator is crucial to support facilitation of practice development (Dogherty et al. 2013). The facilitator can also promote the learning process in learners by identifying their unique learning style. The four relevant styles of learners include the accommodator, the diverger, the assimilator and the converger. Their manner of collecting and processing information is different and knowledge about this learning styles helps in better assimilation of new experience in participants (Riding et al. 2013). The experiential learning model under the adult learning theory facilitates theory based nursing practice by means of application of relevant theories and guidelines in clinical scenario. The research by Schumacher et al. (2013) also suggest that adult learning theories can be applied in medical education to enhance professional skills of clinical staffs. Furthermore, the efficiency in the facilitation process can be achieved if the educator can identify specific learning characteristics and styles of nursing staffs while planning educational programs for them. The role of practice development facilitators is important in a critical care environment to help clinical staffs learn the skills of theory-practice application and time management in clinical practice. The challenges and difficulties seen in todays health care organization is not just due to lack of skills and knowledge in staff, it is also due to disengagement of staffs from workplace cultures. This further aggravates the problem of delivering evidence-based care in clinical practice. Hence, facilitation process helps in the implementation of not just technical practice development, but also emancipatory practice development. This process is implemented by facilitators who engage individuals and team to combine their creative imagination with practice skills to achieve favorable outcome. This method of facilitation-based learning encourages transformation of individual staffs and increases their competency in clinical practice (Heyns et al. 2017). The essay summarized the importance of facilitation process in practice development in relation to specific clinical issues. The essay explained the specific clinical issue of nursing challenges faced in wound management and wound healing in clinical setting. In relation to developing new skills and practice to promote effective wound healing, the use of relevant adult learning theory was regarded as an appropriate tool to facilitation practice development in nurses. The use of adult learning theory is important to support facilitate practice development because it illustrates the most effective ways in which a learner can interpret a situation or a problem, and plan changes in care plan or strategies. Apart from reflective, behavioral and cognitive theory related to learning, the experiential learning style is considered appropriate to modify the competency of staff in wound care. By the use of the Kolbs learning cycle and understanding of difference preference and learning styles o f learners, key limitations in practice can be addressed. Hence, best use of available evidence and clinical guideline is achieved by means of critical learning skills and active experimentation of the planned strategies in professional context. Reference Chmil, J.V., Turk, M., Adamson, K. and Larew, C., 2015. Effects of an experiential learning simulation design on clinical nursing judgment development.Nurse educator,40(5), pp.228-232. Corbett, L.Q., 2012. Wound care nursing: professional issues and opportunities.Advances in wound care,1(5), pp.189-193. de Oliveira, S.N., do Prado, M.L., Kempfer, S.S., Martini, J.G., Caravaca-Morera, J.A. and Bernardi, M.C., 2015. Experiential learning in nursing consultation education via clinical simulation with actors: action research.Nurse education today,35(2), pp.e50-e54. DeCoux, V.M., 2016. Kolb's learning style inventory: A review of its applications in nursing research.Journal of Nursing Education,29(5), pp.202-207. Dogherty, E.J., Harrison, M.B., Graham, I.D., Vandyk, A.D. and Keeping?Burke, L., 2013. Turning Knowledge Into Action at the Point?of?Care: The Collective Experience of Nurses Facilitating the Implementation of Evidence?Based Practice.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,10(3), pp.129-139. Gillespie, B.M., Chaboyer, W., Allen, P., Morely, N. and Nieuwenhoven, P., 2014. Wound care practices: a survey of acute care nurses.Journal of clinical nursing,23(17-18), pp.2618-2627. Hakim, E.W., DScPT, M.S., Marilyn Moffat, P.T., Elaine Becker, P.T., Bell, K.A., Manal, T.J., Schmitt, L.A. and Cathy Ciolek, P.T., 2014. Application of educational theory and evidence in support of an integrated model of clinical education.Journal of Physical Therapy Education,28, p.13. Heyns, T., Botma, Y. and Van Rensburg, G., 2017. A creative analysis of the role of practice development facilitators in a critical care environment.Health SA Gesondheid,22, pp.105-111. Huseb, S.E., O'Regan, S. and Nestel, D., 2015. Reflective practice and its role in simulation.Clinical Simulation in Nursing,11(8), pp.368-375. Kolb, D.A., 2014.Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press. Leach, M.J., 2006. Wound management: using Levine's conservation model to guide practice.Ostomy/wound management,52(8), pp.74-80. Merriam, S.B., 2015. Adult Learning Theory: A Review and an Update.Culture, Biography Lifelong Learning,1(1), pp.59-71. Qader, A., Ali, S. and King, M.L., 2015. TRANSCULTURAL ADAPTATION OF BEST PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR OSTOMY CARE: POINTERS PITFALS.Middle East Journal of Nursing,9(2). Riding, R. and Rayner, S., 2013.Cognitive styles and learning strategies: Understanding style differences in learning and behavior. Routledge. Schumacher, D.J., Englander, R. and Carraccio, C., 2013. Developing the master learner: applying learning theory to the learner, the teacher, and the learning environment.Academic Medicine,88(11), pp.1635-1645. Taylor, D.C. and Hamdy, H., 2013. Adult learning theories: Implications for learning and teaching in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 83.Medical Teacher,35(11), pp.e1561-e1572. Taylor, E.F., Machta, R.M., Meyers, D.S., Genevro, J. and Peikes, D.N., 2013. Enhancing the primary care team to provide redesigned care: the roles of practice facilitators and care managers.The Annals of Family Medicine,11(1), pp.80-83. Zepeda, S.J., Parylo, O. and Bengtson, E., 2014. Analyzing principal professional development practices through the lens of adult learning theory.Professional development in Education,40(2), pp.295-315.

Foreign Affairs Essay Contest Example For Students

Foreign Affairs Essay Contest With the beginning of a seemingly endless war on terrorism, and a shaky United States economy, now hardly seems the time to examine our general policy towards all other nations, and developing nations in particular. The wreckage of the World Trade Center is still smoldering, and our troops are marching on Kabul as I write. Nationalism is at a height only previously experienced during the World Wars. Every other car you see on the highway has Old Glory proudly flying in their window or on their antenna, some right next to their Rebel Flag. On the surface it appears the United States has pulled together for one more righteous cause, and evil, or those that oppose the US as they are commonly called, will surely fall. We wont stand for innocent attacks on civilians, and those damned Afghanis and Osama bin Laden had better hide. If you dont believe this, not only are you un-American, but you must be a damn terrorist yourself. Quietly, however, the argument is being made among scholars and free thinkers in the United States that perhaps we are not the innocent victims we portray ourselves to be in the September 11, 2001 destruction of the World Trade Center. Some forward thinking minds even predicted a tragedy somewhat like this, albeit not on such a large scale. Unenlightened people ask why something like this could or would occur. What would make such a poor and unstable country like Afghanistan decides to stand up to the almighty United States? The answer is not an easy one, and requires a large adjustment in what we expect in foreign relations, and how we see and treat the rest of the world as a whole. The United States is one of the last remaining super powers of the world, and we have the obligation to maintain and support good relations with the smaller and weaker nations throughout the world. We should take full advantage of this relationship in several different ways, all without exploiting the original peoples or our own power. First the U.S. must focus on investing and trading with those nations who have yet to become economic powers. Second, we must implement a consistent foreign policy towards the Middle Eastern nations, and all third world nations in general. Third, the United States needs to respect the attempts and results of the democratization and religious revivals in the Middle East and Latin America, while taking a passive role in letting the a Western type of democracy take its course. Fourth, the U.S. must ease and downplay its conflict with those civilizations that dislike the Western people and their way of life. Obviously, foreign investment is necessary for the future of developing other nations as well as our own. There must be an emphasis on foreign investment and trade, otherwise the third world nations will continue to fall behind economically, technologically, and domestically, which could lead to an economic downfall for the U.S. as well. The question then arises as to what the United States must do in order to have large trade agreements with other countries other than Japan and Mexico. In order for the U.S. to play a more active role in the economic and political development of many of these developing nations, it must first accept a different philosophy than its current one. First, it is imperative for the United States to play a similar role in Latin America to the one Japan has played with many of the developing nations in East Asia. The U.S. neighbors Latin America, and if it wants to play the role of big brother, it must accept the responsibility. Japan has invested, traded, and been a guide for many of its neighboring countries in East Asia, making them grow politically and economically while also profiting economically itself (Japan Remains 1996). The U.S. must realize that the economies of Latin American Nations will play an important part in the future of our own economy, and that it must begin to lead, invest, and aid not just Mexico, but countries such as Peru, Argentina, Boli via, and Columbia into the twenty first century. The mainstay in American foreign policy has always been to promote and instill democracy. However, in order to do this in a foreign nation, the U.S. must be able to first establish a viable economic relationship and system within the desired nations. We should not expect or want a nation to switch from a total authoritarian government to a market economy; doing so would be a disaster. The United States rests too much on its ideological beliefs, when there is no need to do so. Foreign countries seek our capital and trade routes, not our morals and culture. We, unfortunately, do not feel this is the case. The US has traditionally required all or nothing, in regards to demands on prospective trade partners, and political allies. The United States stance towards Cuba is a notable example of this philosophy. Instead, the U.S. has to be willing to allow developing to nations invest in U.S. markets before we invest in theirs, regardless of i deology. In return, a viable export / import system will be established. But it is essential that the economy of the developing nation be monitored and run by its own government, and the United States should only be there for advising purposes. When a reasonable system has finally been achieved, thennot right awaya more American, laissez faire type of economic network will be allowed to grow. If the greatest challenge the United States faces is implementing a foreign policy that is consistent throughout the Middle East, weve done nothing but shoot ourselves in he foot so far. Islamic nations arent likely to be responsive to ideas such as human rights, and democracy. These nations will never be responsive to western ideas when the United States continues to levy sanctions against them. The U.S. is lucky that it has an ally in Saudi Arabia and Israel, allowing them to implement many of these foreign policy agendas against the other Middle Eastern countries, without having to face ser ious economic consequences in the oil and gas industry. Oddly enough though, Saudi Arabia is probably as much against western ideologies as any nation in the Middle East. Women do not have equal rights, torture is frequent, there is no separation between church and state, and Saudi Arabia is extremely far from developing any sort of democracy (Miller 58). Now, when the U.S. promotes democracy and human rights, why does it support one country and condemn the next? Throughout the Cold War, American foreign policy would give aid to any nation who opposes communism. So during that time the U.S. developed a youre either with us or against us type of policy, non- alignment. With this policy, many of the Middle Eastern countries became so called enemies with the U.S., which has led to unrest and hatred of western democracies. In this time of global economics, the United States cannot pick and choose which countries to invest in. In order for the U.S. to defeat the challenges it faces in th e Middle East, it must start by supporting the entire Middle East. Israel and Saudi Arabia may be the most attractive offers, but Syria and even Iran have vast resources that will be very valuable to our economy in the future.Of course we cannot forget about our dear friends off the coast of Miami, Cuba. What edge does a country like China hold over Cuba besides size? Nothing besides a larger source of cheap labor. Our current stance on Cuba was correct in 1962. Castro was indeed a communist, but only after the US, who he turned to first, refused to help him. In 2001, however, it seems apparent that Castro has metamorphisized into something else. Castro has done an almost complete 180 in his political philosophy, and some would argue that Cuba is almost a democracy already. If we lifted our ineffective embargoes and opened the trade lines in Cuba, I see no reason why Castro would not open his society even more. Americans are missing out on a chance to change Cuba, both financially a nd politically. We have the chance to rebuild an entire economy from the ground up, and all we have to do is invest in it. These opportunities are not hypothetical either, but real as apparent to other countries like Canada and the Europeans. Everyone else in the world knows this already because they have made the necessary attitude adjustments and are in there rolling up their sleeves and getting their hands dirty. Castro knows that he cant do this task of changing his entire structure himself, and its only a matter of time before he finds someone to help that will most likely not be favorable to the US. It happened before when the US denied him and he turned to the USSR, there is no reason why we should let it happen again. As the supposed leader of the free world we should know better. All the US does is preach about the importance of stability and free market systems, and the need for democracy. With an example like we are setting, why should anyone follow? Why should we do ever ything in our power to ensure neither survives in Cuba? Its time and has been for a long time to swallow our pride and admit we were wrong. The rest of the free world already knows it. They sit in their Cuban financed offices, smoking big fat Cuban cigars laughing at our arrogance and us. (Smith)Next, the United States must respond to the problems of democratization and religious revival in the Middle East and Latin America. In the Middle East, there seems to be the notion that attempts at democratization would lead to the downfall of minority rights. As Judith Miller pointed out, The promotion of free elections immediately is likely to lead to the triumph of Islamic groups that have no commitment to democracy in any recognizable or meaningful form (Miller 59). What the United States must do is establish a representational or parliamentary process that recognizes all forms of political action. Simply promoting free elections would lead to a backlash in democratization efforts. The f ear is in the idea of one group outlawing another. A democracy might be based on majoritarian rule; but all groups, whether they be Islamic fundamentalist or even Christian, must be able to participate in the political process. Similarly, the United States must show complete support for the democratic process in Latin America. When Salvador Allende was elected President of Chile, the West feared the thought of a complete Marxist government (Rosenberg 28). Not only did we try to kidnap his main general and fail miserably when we actually killed him, we set forth a coup to overthrow a legitimately elected official and went against everything we have preached over the last 150 years about respecting democracy and working within a system. What needs to be respected is not the political ideology of one group or country, but rather its democratic process. Because democracy neither forms countries nor strengthens them initially, a multiparty system is best suited to nations that already ha ve an established bureaucracy and a middle class which pays income tax, and where the main issues of property and power-sharing have been resolved. Leaving two politicians or parties to argue about the budgets, and letting the tax payers decide who should come to power. (Kaplan E9)A problem then arises as to the issue of Islamic and Christian revivalism, because as countries become poorer and poorer, religion plays an ever increasing role in citizens lives as they search for any glimmer of hope to believe in. Occasionally an extremist group like the Taliban will gain power with ease. By Steve Barnes EssayHuntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations: The West Versus the Rest. Foreign Affairs Vol.72 (1993). No.3: 39-41. Japan Remains Pacifics Largest Trading Partner. Sunday Star (1996): Star Publications, (Maylasia) Berhad. (Transmitted From Netscape). Kaplan, Robert. Democracys Trap. New York Times 24 Dec. 1995: E9Kennedy, Paul. Winners and Losers in the Developing World: Preparing the Twenty First Century. New York: Random House, 1993. Miller, Judith. The Challenge of Radical Islam. The Other World: Culture and Politics in the Third World (1993) 57-58. Rosenberg, Tina. Beyond Election. The Other World: Culture and Politics in the Third World (1993) 28. Savona, Dave. Choosing a Nerve Center Overseas. Foreign Trade Nov. 1995: 11-22, 50. Smith, Wayne S. Cubas Long Reform. Foreign Affairs. Vol 75 (1996) No. 2: 99-112Words/ Pages : 3,504 / 24